374 research outputs found
Real-time testing of the on-site warning algorithm in southern California and its performance during the July 29 2008 M_w5.4 Chino Hills earthquake
The real-time performance of the Ï_c -P_d on-site early warning algorithm currently is being tested within the California Integrated Seismic Network (CISN). Since January 2007, the algorithm has detected 58 local earthquakes in southern California and Baja with moment magnitudes of 3.0 †M_w †5.4. Combined with newly derived station corrections the algorithm allowed for rapid determination of moment magnitudes and Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) with uncertainties of ±0.5 and ±0.7 units, respectively. The majority of reporting delays ranged from 9 to 16 s. The largest event, the July 29 2008 M_w5.4 Chino Hills earthquake, triggered a total of 60 CISN stations in epicentral distances of up to 250 km. Magnitude predictions at these stations ranged from M_w4.4 to M_w6.5 with a median of M_w5.6. The closest station would have provided up to 6 s warning at Los Angeles City Hall, located 50 km to the west-northwest of Chino Hills
Finite-Fault Rupture Detector (FinDer): Going Real-Time in Californian ShakeAlert Warning System
Rapid detection of local and regional earthquakes and issuance of fast alerts for impending shaking is considered beneficial to save lives, reduce losses, and shorten recovery times after destructive events (Allen et al., 2009). Over the last two decades, several countries have built operational earthquake early warning (EEW) systems, including Japan (Hoshiba et al., 2008), Mexico (Espinosa-Aranda et al., 1995), Romania (MÄrmureanu et al., 2011), Turkey (Erdik et al., 2003), Taiwan (Hsiao et al., 2011), and China (Peng et al., 2011). Other countries, such as the United States (Böse, Allen, et al., 2013), Italy (Satriano et al., 2011), and Switzerland (Behr et al., 2015), are currently developing systems or evaluating algorithms in their seismic real-time networks
Rapid Estimation of Earthquake Source and GroundâMotion Parameters for Earthquake Early Warning Using Data from a Single ThreeâComponent Broadband or StrongâMotion Sensor
We propose a new algorithm to rapidly determine earthquake source and
ground-motion parameters for earthquake early warning (EEW). This algorithm uses
the acceleration, velocity, and displacement waveforms of a single three-component
broadband (BB) or strong-motion (SM) sensor to perform real-time earthquake/noise
discrimination and near/far source classification. When an earthquake is detected, the
algorithm estimates the moment magnitude M, epicentral distance Î, and peak
ground velocity (PGV) at the site of observation. The algorithm was constructed
by using an artificial neural network (ANN) approach. Our training and test datasets
consist of 2431 three-component SM and BB records of 161 crustal earthquakes in
California, Japan, and Taiwan with 3.1 †M †7.6 at Π†115 km. First estimates become
available at t_0 = 0.25 s after the P pick and are regularly updated. We find that
displacement and velocity waveforms are most relevant for the estimation of M and
PGV, while acceleration is important for earthquake/noise discrimination. Including
site corrections reduces the errors up to 10%. The estimates improve by an additional
10% if we use both the vertical and horizontal components of recorded ground
motions. The uncertainties of the predicted parameters decrease with increasing time
window length t_0; larger magnitude events show a slower decay of these uncertainties
than small earthquakes. We compare our approach with the Ï_c algorithm and find that
our prediction errors are around 60% smaller. However, in general there is a limitation
to the prediction accuracy an EEW system can provide if based on single-sensor
observations
FinDer v.2: Improved real-time ground-motion predictions for M2âM9 with seismic finite-source characterization
Recent studies suggest that small and large earthquakes nucleate similarly, and that they often have indistinguishable seismic waveform onsets. The characterization of earthquakes in real time, such as for earthquake early warning, therefore requires a flexible modeling approach that allows a small earthquake to become large as fault rupture evolves over time. Here, we present a modeling approach that generates a set of output parameters and uncertainty estimates that are consistent with both small/moderate (â€M6.5) and large earthquakes (>M6.5) as is required for a robust parameter interpretation and shaking forecast. Our approach treats earthquakes over the entire range of magnitudes (>M2) as finite line-source ruptures, with the dimensions of small earthquakes being very small (<100 m) and those of large earthquakes exceeding several tens to hundreds of kilometres in length. The extent of the assumed line source is estimated from the level and distribution of high-frequency peak acceleration amplitudes observed in a local seismic network. High-frequency motions are well suited for this approach, because they are mainly controlled by the distance to the rupturing fault. Observed ground-motion patterns are compared with theoretical templates modeled from empirical ground-motion prediction equations to determine the best line source and uncertainties. Our algorithm extends earlier work by Böse et al. for large finite-fault ruptures. This paper gives a detailed summary of the new algorithm and its offline performance for the 2016 M7.0 Kumamoto, Japan and 2014 M6.0 South Napa, California earthquakes, as well as its performance for about 100 real-time detected local earthquakes (2.2 †M †5.1) in California. For most events, both the rupture length and the strike are well constrained within a few seconds (<10 s) of the event origin. In large earthquakes, this could allow for providing warnings of up to several tens of seconds. The algorithm could also be useful for resolving fault plane ambiguities of focal mechanisms and identification of rupturing faults for earthquakes as small as M2.5
A New Trigger Criterion for Improved Real-Time Performance of Onsite Earthquake Early Warning in Southern California
We have implemented and tested an algorithm for onsite earthquake early warning (EEW) in California using the infrastructure of the Southern California Seismic Network (SCSN). The algorithm relies on two parameters derived from the initial 3 sec of P waveform data at a single seismic sensor: period parameter Ï_c and high-pass filtered displacement amplitude P_d. Previous studies have determined empirical relationships between c and the moment magnitude M_w of an earthquake, and between P_d and the peak ground velocity (PGV) at the site of observation. In 2007, seven local earthquakes in southern California with 4.0â€M_Lâ€4.7 have triggered the calculation of M_w and PGV by the EEW algorithm. While the mean values of estimated parameters were in the expected range, the scatter was large, in particular for the smallest events. During the same time period the EEW algorithm produced a large number of false triggers due to low trigger thresholds. To improve the real-time performance of the onsite approach, we have developed a new trigger criterion that is based on combinations of observed Ï _c and P_d values. This new criterion removes 97% of previous false triggers and leads to a significant reduction of the scatter in magnitude estimates for small earthquakes
FinDer v.2: Improved real-time ground-motion predictions for M2âM9 with seismic finite-source characterization
Recent studies suggest that small and large earthquakes nucleate similarly, and that they often have indistinguishable seismic waveform onsets. The characterization of earthquakes in real time, such as for earthquake early warning, therefore requires a flexible modeling approach that allows a small earthquake to become large as fault rupture evolves over time. Here, we present a modeling approach that generates a set of output parameters and uncertainty estimates that are consistent with both small/moderate (â€M6.5) and large earthquakes (>M6.5) as is required for a robust parameter interpretation and shaking forecast. Our approach treats earthquakes over the entire range of magnitudes (>M2) as finite line-source ruptures, with the dimensions of small earthquakes being very small (<100 m) and those of large earthquakes exceeding several tens to hundreds of kilometres in length. The extent of the assumed line source is estimated from the level and distribution of high-frequency peak acceleration amplitudes observed in a local seismic network. High-frequency motions are well suited for this approach, because they are mainly controlled by the distance to the rupturing fault. Observed ground-motion patterns are compared with theoretical templates modeled from empirical ground-motion prediction equations to determine the best line source and uncertainties. Our algorithm extends earlier work by Böse et al. for large finite-fault ruptures. This paper gives a detailed summary of the new algorithm and its offline performance for the 2016 M7.0 Kumamoto, Japan and 2014 M6.0 South Napa, California earthquakes, as well as its performance for about 100 real-time detected local earthquakes (2.2 †M †5.1) in California. For most events, both the rupture length and the strike are well constrained within a few seconds (<10 s) of the event origin. In large earthquakes, this could allow for providing warnings of up to several tens of seconds. The algorithm could also be useful for resolving fault plane ambiguities of focal mechanisms and identification of rupturing faults for earthquakes as small as M2.5
The {\eta}'-carbon potential at low meson momenta
The production of mesons in coincidence with forward-going
protons has been studied in photon-induced reactions on C and on a
liquid hydrogen (LH) target for incoming photon energies of 1.3-2.6 GeV at
the electron accelerator ELSA. The mesons have been identified
via the decay
registered with the CBELSA/TAPS detector system. Coincident protons have been
identified in the MiniTAPS BaF array at polar angles of . Under these kinematic constraints the
mesons are produced with relatively low kinetic energy (
150 MeV) since the coincident protons take over most of the momentum of the
incident-photon beam. For the C-target this allows the determination of the
real part of the -carbon potential at low meson momenta by
comparing with collision model calculations of the kinetic energy
distribution and excitation function. Fitting the latter data for
mesons going backwards in the center-of-mass system yields a potential depth of
V = (44 16(stat)15(syst)) MeV, consistent with earlier
determinations of the potential depth in inclusive measurements for average
momenta of 1.1 GeV/. Within the experimental
uncertainties, there is no indication of a momentum dependence of the
-carbon potential. The LH data, taken as a reference to check
the data analysis and the model calculations, provide differential and integral
cross sections in good agreement with previous results for
photoproduction off the free proton.Comment: 9 pages, 13 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with
arXiv:1608.0607
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